1 “Characteristics of Minimum Wage Workers, 2015” (Bureau of Labor Statistics, April 2016), https://perma.cc/AWG4-UEQH; “Union Members in Michigan — 2015” (Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 10, 2016), https://perma.cc/54CP-LMU2.
2 Morris M. Kleiner and Alan B. Krueger, “Analyzing the Extent and Influence of Occupational Licensing on the Labor Market,” Journal of Labor Economics 31, no. 2 (2013): S173-202, https://perma.cc/LT55-WBHP; “Share of Workforce Licensed, by State” (Brookings Institution, March 9, 2015), https://perma.cc/8YQS-8MMN.
3 Morris M. Kleiner and Alan B. Krueger, “Analyzing the Extent and Influence of Occupational Licensing on the Labor Market,” Journal of Labor Economics 31, no. 2 (2013): S175, https://perma.cc/LT55-WBHP.
4 “Line Item and Boilerplate Summary: Licensing and Regulatory Affairs” (Michigan House Fiscal Agency, Sept. 2015), 20, 24, https://perma.cc/A2AD-66NF.
5 Karen Greene, “Occupational Licensing and the Supply of Nonprofessional Manpower” (U.S. Department of Labor, 1969), https://perma.cc/6VQX-3ZUT.
6 Morris M. Kleiner, “Reforming Occupational Licensing Policies” (Brookings Institution, March 2015), 2, https://perma.cc/Q3AG-TQ3G.
7 “Occupational Licensing: A Framework for Policymakers” (The White House, July 2015), 3, https://perma.cc/U7J2-V9XD.
8 Morris M. Kleiner and Evgeny Vorotnikov, “Analyzing Occupational Licensing Among the States,” Aug. 9, 2016, 15, .
9 “May 2015 National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates: Michigan” (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2015), https://perma.cc/2E2E-5MTE; “Michigan Barber Licensing” (Michigan Bureau of Professional Licensing, Feb. 8, 2017), https://perma.cc/3CHY-MBBN; “Admissions Costs” (Metro Detroit Barber College, 2014), https://perma.cc/FE4H-GLTZ.
10 “May 2015 National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates: Michigan” (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2015), https://perma.cc/2E2E-5MTE; “Michigan Cosmetology Licensing Guide” (Michigan Bureau of Professional Licensing, Nov. 12, 2015), https://perma.cc/WB7B-YECX.
11 Ibid.
12 Sean E. Mulholland and Andrew T. Young, “Occupational Licensing and Interstate Migration,” Cato Journal 36, no. 1 (2016): 26, https://perma.cc/SZW6-4WTG.
13 Morris M. Kleiner, professor of public affairs, University of Minnesota, email correspondence with Jarrett Skorup, policy analyst, Mackinac Center for Public Policy, Jan. 18, 2017.
14 Edward J. Timmons and Anna Mills, “Bringing the Effects of Occupational Licensing into Focus: Optician Licensing in the United States,” Mercatus Working Papers (Mercatus Center, Feb. 2015), https://perma.cc/F5E2-U3C8.
15 Morris M. Kleiner et al., “Relaxing Occupational Licensing Requirements: Analyzing Wages and Prices for a Medical Service,” Journal of Law and Economics 59, no. May (2016): 261–291, https://perma.cc/55ZW-J8FP.
16 Dick M. Carpenter II et al., “License to Work: A National Study of Burdens from Occupational Licensing” (Institute for Justice, May 2012), 5, https://perma.cc/CD5E-T3HG.
17 Mark Flatten, “Protection Racket: Occupational Licensing Laws and the Right to Earn a Living” (Goldwater Institute), 4, https://perma.cc/E9UC-6LQT.
18 “Occupational Licensing: A Framework for Policymakers” (The White House, July 2015), 4, https://perma.cc/U7J2-V9XD.
19 Dick M. Carpenter II et al., “License to Work: A National Study of Burdens from Occupational Licensing” (Institute for Justice, May 2012), 78, 118, https://perma.cc/CD5E-T3HG.
20 Ibid., 93, 136.
21 Ibid., 38, 52.
22 “FAA Boosts Aviation Safety with New Pilot Qualification Standards” (Federal Aviation Administration, July 10, 2013), https://perma.cc/8FNG-P5J6.
23 “Steps to Become a Lawyer/Attorney in Michigan” (LawyerEdu.org), https://perma.cc/8VFS-R6HM; Tom Gantert, “1,200 Hours To Be a Lawyer, But 2,000 To Be a Barber,” Michigan Capitol Confidential (Mackinac Center for Public Policy, April 16, 2012), https://perma.cc/QCR6-AA72.
24 “Barber Requirements” (Michigan Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs, 2017), https://perma.cc/Z76T-A4U3.
25 “Personnel Licensure & Education Requirements” (Michigan Department of Health & Human Services, 2017), https://perma.cc/U4HZ-3TMH.
26 MCL § 333.17905(2); “Athletic Trainer Licensing Guide” (Michigan Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs, Sept. 13, 2016), https://perma.cc/T48C-H8A6.
27 George J. Stigler, “The Theory of Economic Regulation,” The Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science 2, no. 1 (1971): 5, https://perma.cc/2D5P-YBAU.
28 Morris M. Kleiner, “Occupational Licensing,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 14, no. 4 (2000): 191, https://perma.cc/997K-YNCP.
29 David R. Henderson, ed., “George J. Stigler,” in The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics, 2nd ed. (Library of Economics and Liberty, 2008), https://perma.cc/LJ3P-8LG8.
30 William C. Keck, “Occupational Licensing: An Argument for Asserting State Control,” Notre Dame Law Review 44, no. 1 (1969): 109, https://perma.cc/67VB-8RVK.
31 Yitzy Muller, “Alabama to Revive Long-Dead Barber Statute” (Institute for Justice), https://perma.cc/85LG-T2YN.
32 Josh Sefton, “Dietitians & Nutritionists: H.B. 4688” (Michigan Senate Fiscal Agency, June 9, 2014), https://perma.cc/E2TX-5W54.
33 “Dieticians Come In Droves To Protect Licensure Law,” MIRS Capital Capsule (Michigan Information & Research Service Inc., Oct. 13, 2013).
34 Tom Gantert, “1,200 Hours To Be a Lawyer, But 2,000 To Be a Barber,” Michigan Capitol Confidential (Mackinac Center for Public Policy, April 16, 2012), https://perma.cc/QCR6-AA72.
35 “Barber Schools” (Michigan Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs), https://perma.cc/F79U-3QSZ; MCL § 339.1110(1)(b).
36 Ted Roelofs, “Giving Michigan Nurses More Authority to Prescribe Drugs and Treat Patients,” Bridge Magazine (The Center for Michigan, Oct. 28, 2015), https://perma.cc/3MMG-BYBL.
37 Jarrett Skorup, “Three Reforms to Bring Down Michigan Health Care Costs,” Michigan Capitol Confidential (Mackinac Center for Public Policy, May 18, 2016), https://perma.cc/7SHD-BN75.
38 Jarrett Skorup, “Putting Up Gutters and Putting Down Tile Will Cost You in Michigan,” Michigan Capitol Confidential (Mackinac Center for Public Policy, June 11, 2012), https://perma.cc/8UPQ-SUNT.
39 Jarrett Skorup, “Michigan Votes: Bill Would Lessen Mandates on Landscape Architects,” Michigan Capitol Confidential (Mackinac Center for Public Policy, May 25, 2013), https://perma.cc/Q93K-N7YH.
40 Melissa Anders, “From Barbers to Interior Designers, Michigan Looks at Removing or Changing Requirements for Many” (MLive.com, Nov. 11, 2013), https://perma.cc/MVZ6-9UEP.
41 Dick M. Carpenter II et al., “License to Work: A National Study of Burdens from Occupational Licensing” (Institute for Justice, May 2012), 80, https://perma.cc/CD5E-T3HG.
42 Ibid., 72, 136.
43 Ibid., 80.
44 Morris M. Kleiner, “Reforming Occupational Licensing Policies” (Brookings Institution, March 2015), 9, https://perma.cc/Q3AG-TQ3G.
45 Mark W. Weigold, “Schedule of Fees” (Michigan Department of Insurance and Financial Services, Sept. 22, 2016), https://perma.cc/XX3V-E46V; “Chiropractic Licensing Guide” (Michigan Bureau of Professional Licensing, Sept. 27, 2016), https://perma.cc/5VY6-X4KJ; “Michigan Chiropractor Professional Licensing Guide” (Michigan Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs), https://perma.cc/W77H-J28A.
46 “Michigan Residential Builders Licensing Guide” (Michigan Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs, Nov. 12, 2015), https://perma.cc/2UFL-ZN9R; “Residential Builders and Maintenance & Alteration Contractor” (Michigan Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs, 2017), https://perma.cc/UXX6-BZZR.
47 “Mechanic Certification Information Kit” (Michigan Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs, July 2014), https://perma.cc/9QTE-WWZX.
48 Morris M. Kleiner, “Reforming Occupational Licensing Policies” (Brookings Institution, March 2015), 6, https://perma.cc/Q3AG-TQ3G.
49 Morris M. Kleiner and Evgeny Vorotnikov, “Analyzing Occupational Licensing Among the States,” Aug. 9, 2016, 36, https://perma.cc/EB34-SBA4.
50 Morris M. Kleiner and Evgeny Vorotnikov, “Analyzing Occupational Licensing Among the States,” Aug. 9, 2016, 36, https://perma.cc/EB34-SBA4; “QuickFacts: Michigan” (United States Census Bureau), https://perma.cc/BJC3-AEWG.
51 “Recommendations of the Office of Regulatory Reinvention Regarding Occupational Licensing” (Michigan Office of Regulatory Reinvention, Feb. 17, 2012), 3, https://perma.cc/6LU4-YU8S.
52 Ibid., 4-7.
53 Ibid., 7.
54 “House Bill 4688 (2013)” (State of Michigan), https://perma.cc/R2B6-YHW8; “Senate Bill 0477 (2013)” (State of Michigan), https://perma.cc/KH2J-BDVJ; “House Bill 4377 (2013)” (State of Michigan), https://perma.cc/6PZW-P3YN; “Senate Bill 0607 (2013)” (State of Michigan), https://perma.cc/8M73-6MVS; “House Bill 4376 (2013)” (State of Michigan), https://perma.cc/QRK3-HUBR; “House Bill 4528 (2013)” (State of Michigan), https://perma.cc/F7B9-4GTT.
55 “House Bill 4378 (2013)” (State of Michigan), https://perma.cc/C564-NKRC; “House Bill 4691 (2013)” (State of Michigan), https://perma.cc/SU4P-RCWH; “Senate Bill 0612 (2013)” (State of Michigan), https://perma.cc/NS9K-PSNF.
56 “House Bill 4686 (2013)” (State of Michigan), https://perma.cc/T8KB-D6RR; “House Bill 4689 (2013)” (State of Michigan), https://perma.cc/MDM5-V45A; “House Bill 4381 (2013)” (State of Michigan), https://perma.cc/4XUJ-2EQT; “House Bill 4971 (2013)” (State of Michigan), https://perma.cc/GJ4E-WK8E.
57 Rick Snyder, “Letter to Arlan Meekhof and Kevin Cotter” (State of Michigan, March 16, 2015), https://perma.cc/Q965-QCKS.
58 MCL § 338.41(1).
59 Larry Craddock, “‘Good Moral Character’ as a Licensing Standard,” Journal of National Association of Administrative Law Judiciary 28, no. 2 (Oct. 15, 2008), https://perma.cc/K3Q4-HHVG.
60 Ibid., 451-452.
61 MCL § 333.16221(a)(vi); MCL § 380.1230(9); MCL § 500.1239(1)(f); MCL § 791.205a(1); MCL § 388.826(d)(i-vii); MCL § 338.1056(1)(d).
62 MCL § 338.43.
63 MCL § 338.42.
64 Michelle Natividad Rodriguez and Beth Avery, “Unlicensed & Untapped: Removing Barriers to State Occupational Licenses for People with Records” (National Employment Law Project, April 2016), https://perma.cc/U3D9-49GF.
65 Stephen Slivinsky, “Turning Shackles into Bootstraps: Why Occupational Licensing Reform Is the Missing Piece of Criminal Justice Reform” (Center for the Study of Economic Liberty at Arizona State University, Nov. 7, 2016), 2, https://perma.cc/8Q34-5GZR.
66 Jarrett Skorup and Jacob Weaver, “How Detroit Can Liberate Its ‘Extreme Rebels,’” The Wall Street Journal, Aug. 26, 2016.
67 “Apply for Licenses” (City of Detroit, 2017), https://perma.cc/TYR2-5UM3.
68 “Apply for Licenses” (City of Detroit, 2017), https://perma.cc/TYR2-5UM3; “Fee Schedule” (City of Detroit, April 1, 2013), https://perma.cc/2TF7-PGKA.
69 “Recommendations of the Office of Regulatory Reinvention Regarding Occupational Licensing” (Michigan Office of Regulatory Reinvention, Feb. 17, 2012), A-3, https://perma.cc/6LU4-YU8S.
70 Caleb Trotter, “Music Therapist Cartelization in Progress” (Pacific Legal Foundation, Nov. 9, 2015), https://perma.cc/K8TY-7XR4.
71 “Model Economic Liberty Law” (Institute for Justice, 2017), https://perma.cc/VP8S-68BS.